05/25/2026
This little toy train from the 1950s can teach us a lot about the method of printmaking known as lithography! 🚂😁
This method of printmaking is done on a flat surface, as opposed to engraved or raised surfaces such as in intaglio or relief prints. This is evidenced by the smooth surface of the toy train. The process was invented in 1796 by author and actor Alois Senefelder, and was most often used for musical scores and maps. It was done by drawing the image which one wished to be printed with a greasy substance (like oil, fat or wax) onto a smooth, flat limestone plate which was then treated with a mixture of weak acid and gum arabic. This made the portion of the plate which had not been drawn on, and hence not protected by a greasy surface, more hydrophilic (water attracting.) The stone was moistened and the water only adhered to the hydrophilic portion of the stone, making it more oil-repellent. An oil-based ink was then applied, which would only stick to the image which was drawn on. The ink would then be transferred to a blank sheet of paper, producing the final printed image.
However, this train is clearly more modern and therefore the method used for its printing was modified for mass production. While fine artists continued to pursue the limestone method, commercial lithography needed to pick up speed. The image to be printed would have been transferred onto a polymer coated and flexible metal or plastic plate (likely created in a photographic process). The printing process could then be fully automated by transferring the ink from the plate to the printing surface indirectly by means of a rubber plate or cylinder, a referred to as ‘off-set lithography.’ This is the form of printing most often used today for books and magazines, especially if they are illustrated in colour.