Asaad Kamil

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مدينة الطب - ١٩٨٧كادر التمريض الكوبي العاملات في مستشفيات المدينة
04/18/2026

مدينة الطب - ١٩٨٧
كادر التمريض الكوبي العاملات في مستشفيات المدينة

Haemorrhoids1. DefinitionHaemorrhoids are swollen and inflamed veins in the a**l ca**l.They can be:• Internal haemorrhoi...
11/17/2025

Haemorrhoids

1. Definition

Haemorrhoids are swollen and inflamed veins in the a**l ca**l.
They can be:
• Internal haemorrhoids – above dentate line
• External haemorrhoids – below dentate line
• Thrombosed external haemorrhoids – painful clot inside an external haemorrhoid

2. Symptoms (Easy to Remember)

Internal
• Painless bright-red bleeding
• Mucus discharge
• Feeling of incomplete evacuation
• Prolapse (may reduce spontaneously or need manual reduction)

External
• Painful swelling at a**l verge
• Itching/irritation
• If thrombosed: sudden severe pain + bluish lump

3. Diagnosis

Mainly clinical (inspection + digital re**al exam + anoscopy).

Tests to rule out other causes of bleeding:
• CBC (if heavy bleeding)
• Colonoscopy for red flags (age >40, weight loss, anemia, family history of colore**al cancer)

4. Differential Diagnosis

Always think of other causes of re**al bleeding:
• A**l fissure (painful bleeding)
• Re**al prolapse
• Colore**al cancer
• Inflammatory bowel disease
• Diverticular bleeding
• Polyps
• Peria**l abscess

5. Treatment (Step-Wise & Easy)

A. Conservative (First-line)
• High-fiber diet + fiber supplements
• Plenty of water
• Avoid straining
• Sitz baths (warm water sitting)
• Topical treatments (hydrocortisone, lidocaine)
• Stool softeners

B. Office Procedures (If persistent symptoms)
• Rubber band ligation (best for internal)
• Sclerotherapy
• Infrared coagulation

C. Surgical (Severe/Grade IV or thrombosed external)
• Haemorrhoidectomy
• Stapled haemorrhoidopexy (for prolapsing internal haemorrhoids)
• For thrombosed external haemorrhoids: excision within 72 hours relieves pain quickly.

6. Follow-Up
• Reassess in 4–6 weeks after lifestyle and medical therapy
• After procedures, follow-up to check healing and recurrence
• Educate on long-term fiber intake to prevent recurrence
• Evaluate for other causes of bleeding if symptoms persist

✅ Spine degeneration is the gradual loss of normal structure and function in the spine, most commonly due to aging, wher...
11/16/2025

✅ Spine degeneration is the gradual loss of normal structure and function in the spine, most commonly due to aging, where the intervertebral discs wear out and lose their cushioning ability. This can lead to symptoms like chronic back or neck pain, stiffness, and numbness or tingling in the arms or legs, especially when the degeneration puts pressure on nerves.

✅ Treatment options range from conservative methods like over-the-counter pain relievers and gentle exercises to more intensive medical treatments depending on the severity.

❄️Causes and contributing factors❄️

✔️Aging: The most common cause, where discs lose water content and shrink, and the body's natural shock absorbers deteriorate.
Injury or trauma: Can accelerate the degeneration process.
✔️Repetitive strain: Overuse from certain activities can lead to damage.
✔️Genetics: Genetic factors can play a role in how the spine ages.
✔️Smoking: Can contribute to the rate of disc degeneration.
✔️Tumors or infections: These can also cause degenerative spinal conditions.

❄️Symptoms❄️

✅ Pain: Chronic or recurring pain in the back or neck, which can worsen with sitting, bending, or twisting.
✅ Stiffness: Reduced flexibility and increased stiffness in the spine.
✅ Numbness or tingling: Often occurs in the buttocks, legs, or arms due to nerve irritation.
Pain that improves with certain positions: Pain may decrease with walking or lying down, as the pressure on the discs is reduced compared to sitting.

❄️Management and treatment❄️

➡️ Conservative treatments:
✔️Over-the-counter pain relievers like acetaminophen or NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs).
✔️Gentle stretching programs.
✔️Heat or ice therapy.

➡️ Lifestyle and prevention:
✔️Maintaining a healthy weight.
✔️Regular exercise to strengthen the muscles supporting the spine.
✔️Avoiding smoking.
✔️Lifting with care.

11/16/2025

Have you ever felt overwhelmed by the sheer number of nursing programs available? With so many paths to becoming a nurse, it's easy…

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بغداد
Bagdad, AZ

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