10/21/2026
A toilet paper tube and a few wooden sticks helped inspire the design of a rescue capsule that would eventually bring 33 trapped miners back to the surface in Chile. What began as a simple miniature model became part of one of the most remarkable rescue operations in modern history.
On October 13, 2026, the world marks 16 years since the dramatic rescue at the San José mine, near Copiapó in Chile’s Atacama Desert. Millions watched as one miner after another emerged from deep underground, but behind the historic operation was an engineering challenge that demanded an extraordinary solution.
It began on August 5, 2010, when a collapse blocked access to the mine and trapped 33 workers approximately 700 meters below the surface. For 17 days, rescuers drilled into the ground, searching for signs that the men had survived. Their families gathered above ground, waiting for news while rescue teams worked against uncertainty and time.
Then, on August 22, a drilling probe returned with a message written in red: “Estamos bien en el refugio los 33.” In English, it meant, “We are well in the shelter, the 33 of us.” The message confirmed what everyone had desperately hoped to hear. All 33 miners were alive.
Finding them was only the beginning. The workers remained hundreds of meters underground, and the blocked access routes made conventional extraction impossible. Engineers needed to create a sufficiently wide shaft without triggering further collapses. They also needed a safe way to transport each man through a narrow vertical passage to the surface.
This was where Chilean mechanical engineer Alejandro Poblete became involved. After decades of experience at Codelco’s El Teniente division, he began working on a capsule that could travel through the rescue shaft without becoming trapped against its walls.
The challenge was immense. If the capsule struck the sides too forcefully, its structure could be damaged. If it tilted or rotated excessively, it might become stuck inside the shaft. Any such failure could place the person inside at serious risk and complicate the entire rescue.
Poblete began sketching possible designs before building a small model using materials that were readily available: a cardboard tube from a toilet paper roll and wooden skewers. The simple materials allowed him to represent the capsule’s structure and explore how it might move through the narrow passage.
The model was only the beginning. The concept needed detailed engineering calculations, technical development, and careful construction before it could carry a human being. One important feature was the use of external wheels to help guide the capsule and reduce direct contact with the shaft walls.
The design also considered how the capsule would behave when it reached the miners’ refuge. A stable resting position would help prevent unnecessary movement and make it easier to begin the ascent. These practical details mattered because the rescue depended on transporting 33 people through the same confined route, repeatedly and safely.
The resulting capsule became known as Fénix 2. It was approximately 4.5 meters tall and weighed around 250 kilograms. Built with a metal frame and painted in the white, blue, and red colors of the Chilean flag, it was designed to carry one person at a time in an upright position.
Inside, each miner was secured with a harness. The capsule incorporated communication equipment, an oxygen supply, and safety features intended to support the journey. Its external wheels helped guide its movement through the shaft, while a steel cable raised and lowered it between the underground refuge and the surface.
The operation involved far more than one engineer or one invention. Chilean specialists, the Navy’s ASMAR shipyards, drilling teams, medical personnel, and many other professionals contributed to the effort. NASA also provided technical, medical, and psychological advice to help prepare for the unusual demands of the rescue.
After more than two months underground, the miners faced another frightening experience: entering a narrow metal capsule and trusting the equipment to carry them through hundreds of meters of rock. The rescue required precise coordination between the teams above ground and those waiting below.
The final operation began on the night of October 12, 2010. Rescue specialist Manuel González descended first to assist the miners and help prepare the underground operation. Shortly afterward, Florencio Ávalos entered the capsule for the journey upward.
At 12:10 a.m. on October 13, Ávalos reached the surface. He had spent 69 days underground, and his arrival was broadcast around the world. At the nearby Campamento Esperanza, where families had waited for weeks, relief and celebration began to replace the uncertainty that had defined their lives.
But 32 men were still waiting below. Fénix 2 had to make the journey again and again, with the teams checking the equipment, securing each passenger, and coordinating every stage of the ascent. Every successful trip brought another miner closer to his family.
One by one, the men emerged from the shaft. The final miner to be rescued was Luis Urzúa, the shift supervisor who had helped maintain order and organize the group during their confinement. At 9:55 p.m. on October 13, Urzúa reached the surface and was welcomed by Chilean President Sebastián Piñera.
All 33 miners had been brought out alive in less than 23 hours after the first miner began his ascent. The rescue specialists still had to return to the surface, with Manuel González emerging last during the early hours of October 14.
The capsule had completed its extraordinary mission. What had started as a search for survivors had become a complex engineering operation watched by people around the world. Its success depended on the combined work of designers, builders, drilling crews, medical teams, and rescue personnel, as well as the determination of the miners themselves.
Poblete later spoke publicly about the early model made from a cardboard tube and wooden sticks. He did not present the story as a personal triumph. Instead, he emphasized the importance of seeing the miners reunited with their families after weeks of uncertainty.
Sixteen years later, Fénix 2 remains one of the most recognizable symbols of the Chilean mining rescue. Its metal frame and safety systems represented months of engineering work, testing, and cooperation. Yet the story of its development also demonstrates how a complicated technical problem can begin with a simple model and a willingness to explore an idea.
The small cardboard tube could not rescue anyone by itself. What mattered was the thinking behind it, the engineering that transformed the concept into a working machine, and the coordinated effort that carried the plan through to completion.
On October 13, 2010, 33 men returned to the surface after 69 days underground. Their rescue became a lasting example of human endurance, technical ingenuity, and international cooperation when the stakes could hardly have been higher.