09/01/2026
In just one hundred years, passenger pigeons went from billions to zero. Their flocks once spread across the deciduous forests of North America east of the Rocky Mountains. Overhunting and deforestation throughout the nineteenth century did what no natural predator could, and by the 1890s, only a few birds remained. The Cincinnati Zoo tried to breed captive pairs but to no avail. The last known individual, Martha, died 112 years ago today on September 1, 1914, and was shipped to the Smithsonian for preservation. Martha is one of the museum’s most precious specimens, an ambassador urging us to do more to prevent the extinction of other organisms. Hear more from Chris Milensky, the Collections Manager in the museum's Division of Birds.